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The Eagle Biosciences’ Dopamine Sensitive ELISA Assay Kit was utilized in a recent study! The study tested whether insulin resistance in the brain can result in symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease. Check out the abstract and full text below.

Abstract

Besides COVID-19, two of the most critical outbreaks of our day are insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Each disease’s pathophysiology is well established. Furthermore, a substantial overlap between them has coexisted. Uncertainty remains on whether T2DM and AD are parallel illnesses with the same origin or separate illnesses linked through violent pathways. The current study was aimed at testing whether the insulin resistance in the brain results in AD symptoms or not. Insulin resistance was induced in the brains of rats using a single intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (STZ) dose. We then measured glucose, insulin receptor substrate 2 (IRS-2), amyloid β (Aβ) deposition, and tau phosphorylation in the brain to look for signs of insulin resistance and AD. The results of this study indicated that a single dose of STZ was able to induce insulin resistance in the brain and significantly decline IRS-2. This resistance was accompanied by obvious memory loss, Aβ deposition, and tau phosphorylation, further visible diminishing in neurotransmitters such as dopamine and acetylcholine. Furthermore, oxidative stress was increased due to the antioxidant system being compromised. Interestingly, the pancreas injury and peripheral insulin resistance coexisted with brain insulin resistance. Indeed, the antidiabetic metformin was able to enhance all these drastic effects. In conclusion, brain insulin resistance could lead to AD and vice versa. These are highly linked syndromes that could influence peripheral organs. Further studies are required to stabilize this putative pathobiology relationship between them.

Abosharaf, H.A., Elsonbaty, Y., Tousson, E., & Mohamed, T.M. (2023). Alzheimer’s disease-related brain insulin resistance and the prospective therapeutic impact of metformin. Journal of Neuroendocrinology. 36(2024). https://doi.org/10.1111/jne.13356

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The Eagle Biosciences’ C-Peptide ELISA Assay Kit was used in a recent study! The aim of this study was to assess insulin sensitivity in full-term newborns exposed in utero to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and antiretrovirals (ARVs). Check out the abstract and full text below.

Abstract

Introduction: Antiretrovirals (ARVs) and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are implicated in the onset of insulin resistance. They cross the placental barrier thereby inducing early modifications of the fetal environment. The aim of our study was to assess insulin sensitivity in full-term newborns exposed in utero to HIV and ARVs in Yaoundé.

Materials and Methods: We conducted an analytical cross-sectional study in 2 maternities in the city of Yaoundé from November 2021 to June 2022. We generated two groups of newborns (NBs): one group born to HIV positive mothers on ARVs and the other control group born to HIV negative mothers. Clinical data from mothers and NBs were collected. A homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) like index with C peptide served to assess insulin sensitivity. We used the Spearman correlation to measure the strength of association between insulin sensitivity and the different variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results: Of 70 neonates included, 35 were born to HIV positive mothers on ARVs and 35 to HIV negative mothers. The median age of HIV positive and negative mothers was 30 (27 – 32) and 34 (24 – 47) years, respectively (p = 0.791). The body mass index before pregnancy as well as the average newborn weights were comparable in both groups. The ARV protocol associating Tenofovir, Lamivudine, Efavirenz was used by 97.1% of HIV positive mothers. In the exposed NBs group, C peptide was significantly lower (p < 0.001) and blood glucose significantly higher (p < 0.001). The median values of HOMA-IR were 1.4 (0.8 – 1.9) and 2 (1.4 – 2.6) (p = 0.001) for exposed and unexposed NBs, respectively.

Conclusion: Newborns exposed to HIV and ARVs had lower C peptide levels and were more sensitive to insulin. Close metabolic monitoring of these newborns would allow early diagnosis and management of any glucose regulation disorder.

Ekobena, F et al. (2023) Insulin Sensitivity of Term Newborns Exposed in Utero to HIV and Antiretrovirals in Yaoundé. Open Journal of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, 13, 161-172. doi: 10.4236/ojemd.2023.139013.

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The Total Complement Functional Screen ELISA was utilized in a recent publication that sought to understand if the ability of Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria (which can cause Lyme disease) to resist the human immune system plays a big role in whether they cause widespread infections in humans. Check out the abstract and full article below.

Abstract

Reservoir host associations have been observed among and within Borrelia genospecies, and host complement-mediated killing is a major determinant in these interactions. In North America, only a subset of Borrelia burgdorferi lineages cause the majority of disseminated infections in humans. We hypothesize that differential resistance to human complement-mediated killing may be a major phenotypic determinant of whether a lineage can establish systemic infection. As a corollary, we hypothesize that borreliacidal action may differ among human subjects. To test these hypotheses, we isolated primary B. burgdorferi clones from field-collected ticks and determined whether the killing effects of human serum differed among those clones in vitro and/or whether these effects were consistent among human sera. Clones associated with human invasiveness did not show higher survival in human serum compared to noninvasive clones. These results indicate that differential complement-mediated killing of B. burgdorferi lineages is not a determinant of invasiveness in humans. Only one significant difference in the survivorship of individual clones incubated in different human sera was detected, suggesting that complement-mediated killing of B. burgdorferi is usually similar among humans. Mechanisms other than differential human complement-mediated killing of B. burgdorferi lineages likely explain why only certain lineages cause the majority of disseminated human infections.

Pearson, P. et al. Differential Resistance of Borrelia burgdorferi Clones to Human Serum-Mediated Killing Does Not Correspond to Their Predicted Invasiveness. Pathogens 2023, 12, 1238. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12101238

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Our Rituximab ELISA Assay Kit was utilized in a recent study! This study aimed to determine the transfer of anti-CD20 IgG1 mAbs, ocrelizumab, and rituximab (OCR/RTX), into mature breastmilk and describe maternal and infant outcomes. Check out the abstract and full text below.

Abstract

Objective: Postpartum, patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) have increased risk for disease activity. Anti-CD20 IgG1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) are increasingly used as disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Patients may wish to both breastfeed and resume DMT postpartum. This study aimed to determine the transfer of anti-CD20 IgG1 mAbs, ocrelizumab, and rituximab (OCR/RTX), into mature breastmilk and describe maternal and infant outcomes.

Methods: Fifty-seven cis-women receiving OCR/RTX after 59 pregnancies and their infants were enrolled and followed up to 12M postpartum or 90 days post-infusion. Breastmilk was collected pre-infusion and serially up to 90 days and assayed for mAb concentration. Medical records and patients’ questionnaire responses were obtained to assess neurologic, breastfeeding, and infant development outcomes.

Results: The median average concentration of mAb in breastmilk was low (OCR: 0.08 μg/mL, range 0.05–0.4; RTX: 0.03 μg/mL, range 0.005–0.3). Concentration peaked 1–7 days post-infusion in most (77%) and was nearly undetectable after 90 days. Median average relative infant dose was <1% (OCR: 0.1%, range 0.07–0.7; RTX: 0.04%, range 0.005–0.3). Forty-three participants continued to breastfeed post-infusion. At 8–12 months, the proportion of infants’ growth between the 3rd and 97th World Health Organization percentiles did not differ for breastfed (36/40) and non-breastfed (14/16, p > 0.05) infants; neither did the proportion with normal development (breastfed: 37/41, non-breastfed: 11/13; p > 0.05). After postpartum infusion, two mothers experienced a clinical relapse.

Interpretation: These confirm minimal transfer of mAb into breastmilk. Anti-CD20 mAb therapy stabilizes MS activity before conception to the postpartum period, and postpartum treatments appears to be safe and well-tolerated for both mother and infant.

Anderson, A., et al. (2023), Anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody therapy in postpartum women with neurological conditions. Ann Clin Transl Neurol, 10: 2053-2064. https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.51893

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The Eagle Bioscience’s Bovine Haptoglobin ELISA Assay Kit was utilized in a recent study! This study investigated the difference in blood parameters of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) in dairy cattle.

Abstract

Background: Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes a chronic and progressive granulomatous enteritis and economic losses in dairy cattle in subclinical stages. Subclinical infection in cattle can be detected using serum MAP antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests.

Objectives: To investigate the differences in blood parameters, according to the detection of MAP using serum antibody ELISA and fecal PCR tests.

Methods: We divided 33 subclinically infected adult cattle into three groups: seronegative and fecal-positive (SNFP, n = 5), seropositive and fecal-negative (SPFN, n = 10), and seropositive and fecal-positive (SPFP, n = 18). Hematological and serum biochemical analyses were performed.

Results: Although the cows were clinically healthy without any manifestations, the SNFP and SPFP groups had higher platelet counts, mean platelet volumes, plateletcrit, lactate dehydrogenase levels, lactate levels, and calcium levels but lower mean corpuscular volume concentration than the SPFN group (p < 0.017). The red blood cell count, hematocrit, monocyte count, glucose level, and calprotectin level were different according to the detection method (p < 0.05). The SNFP and SPFP groups had higher red blood cell counts, hematocrit and calprotectin levels, but lower monocyte counts and glucose levels than the SPFN group, although there were no significant differences (p > 0.017).

Conclusions: The cows with fecal-positive MAP status had different blood parameters from those with fecal-negative MAP status, although they were subclinically infected. These findings provide new insights into understanding the mechanism of MAP infection in subclinically infected cattle.

Ha S, Kang S, Jung M, Kim SB, Lee HG, Park HT, Lee JH, Choi KC, Park J, Kim UH, Yoo HS. Comparison of blood parameters according to fecal detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in subclinically infected Holstein cattle. J Vet Sci. 2023 Sep;24(5):e70. doi: 10.4142/jvs.23111.

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The Eagle Bioscience’s NSE ELISA Assay Kit was utilized in a recent publication! This study investigated the challenges of using electrochemical immunosensors for the early detection of small cell lung cancer.

Abstract

Early and rapid detection of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) is highly significant, as it is putative biomarker for small-cell lung cancer as well as COVID-19. Electrochemical techniques have attracted substantial attention for the early detection of cancer biomarkers due to the important properties of simplicity, high sensitivity, specificity, low cost, and point-of-care detection. This work reviews the clinically relevant labeled and label-free electrochemical immunosensors developed so far for the analysis of NSE. The prevailing role of nanostructured materials as electrode matrices is thoroughly discussed. Subsequently, the key performances of various immunoassays are critically evaluated in terms of limit of detection, linear ranges, and incubation time for clinical translation. Electrochemical techniques coupled with screen-printed electrodes developing market level commercialization of NSE sensors is also discussed. Finally, the review concludes with the current challenges associated with available methods and provides a future outlook toward commercialization opportunities for easy detection of NSE.

Daisy Mehta, Divyani Gupta, Alankar Kafle, Sukhjot Kaur, and Tharamani C. Nagaiah. Advances and Challenges in Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Immunosensors for Small Cell Lung Cancer Biomarker Neuron-Specific Enolase. ACS Omega 2024 9 (1), 33-51 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c06388

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Eagle Bioscience’s Human Ceruloplasmin ELISA Assay Kit was utilized in a recent study! The study sought to learn about the impact of sacubitril/valsartan on cardiac and systemic hypoxia in those with chronic heart failure. Check out the abstract and full text below!

Abstract

In heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction, Sacubitril/valsartan(S/V) increased proBNPT71 glycosylation, which is regulated negatively by hypoxia via miR-30a in-vitro. Using a cohort of 73 HFrEF patients who were transitioned from standard HF medication to S/V, we found that the increase in proBNP T71 glycosylation after S/V was associated with a decrease in cardiac hypoxia. We further found that plasma levels of K709-acteylatedHIF1a, HIF-regulated and HIF-independent biomarkers also evolved consistently with a decrease in hypoxia. We further confirmed that biomarker changes were related to hypoxia, in a rat model subjected to isobaric hypoxia. We measured them in rats subjected to isobaric hypoxia. Overall, these data strongly suggest that optimally treated HFrEF patients exhibited sub clinical hypoxia that is improved by S/V. The data also posit proBNP T71 glycosylation as a biomarker of cardiac hypoxia.

Nougué, Picard, Cohen-Solal et al. Impact of sacubitril/valsartan on cardiac and systemic hypoxia in chronic heart failure. iScience (2024) 27 (1), 108520 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108520

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